

ERP为Enterprise Resource Planning的缩写,中文翻译为“企业资源计划”。
企业资源计划ERP(enterprise resources planning)一词是由Gartner Group. Inc咨询顾问与研究机构于20世纪90年代初提出来的。GGI提出了ERP概念及其内涵,面向供需链的管理。把ERP界定内容超越了MRP II,信息集成范围更为广阔,并且支持动态监控,支持多行业、多地区、多模式或混合式。ERP具有强大的系统功能,灵活的应用环境和实时控制能力,是制造业未来信息时代的一种管理信息系统。
ERP是目前企业管理信息系统中十分流行的一种形式,大多数的ERP系统在全面解决企业在供销存、财务、计划、质量、制造等核心业务问题方面均能起到良好的作用并产出效益。
概念发明者的定义阿
公认 Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP)是 Gartner Group 1990年初提出的,可惜我没能找到这份原始的资料,报刊杂志上相关文章虽多,但多数是抄来抄去。这里将 Gartner Group 信息技术词汇表(刚刚从其网站读到)中关于 ERP 的定义引用如下:
Gartner Group's IT Glossary - Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
A concept developed by Gartner Group describing the next generation of manufacturing business systems and manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) software. It will include
the client/server architecture, use graphical user interfaces and be crafted with open systems. Beyond the standard functionality that is offered, other features are included, e.g., quality, process operations management, and regulatory reporting. In addition, the base technology used in ERP will give users both software and hardware independence as well as an easy upgrade path. Key to ERP is the way in which users can tailor the application so it is intrinsically easy to use.
一个由 Gartner Group 开发的概念,描述下一代制造商业系统和制造资源计划(MRP II)软件。它将包含客户/服务架构,使用图形用户接口,应用开放系统制作。除了已有的标准功能,它还包括其它特性,如品质、过程运作管理、以及管制报告等。特别是,ERP采用的基础技术将同时给用户软件和硬件两方面的独立性从而更加容易升级。ERP的关键在于所有用户能够裁剪其应用,因而具有天然的易用性。
学院学者的意见
学院派的学者通常对于概念的应用比较严谨和保守,一种新的概念,只有得到严谨一致的阐述或证明,才会被学者所采纳。教科书则通常是“正统学说”的系统总结。我手头的几本较新的教科书情况如下:
斯蒂芬 P. 罗宾斯,《管理学》,第四版,人民大学出版社,1997,Prentice Hall,1994
从时间上说,该版再版时ERP的概念已经提出了3、4年,但书中完全没有提到 ERP 概念。这本书讨论了MIS,MRP,也包括JIT等。
Stephen Haag, etc., 'Management Information Systems for the Information Age', 1998,McGraw-Hill, 1998, 机械工业出版社
这本书的出版时间非常新,内容的面也很宽,但其中就没有提到 ERP,也探讨了MRP/MRP II。
3. Richard B. Chase, etc., 'Production and Operations Management: Manufacturing and Services', 8-th Ed., McGraw-Hill, 1998
这本书时间一样新,它有约五分之一篇幅是关于供应链管理,全书仅有两处论及 ERP 概念,其中基本的叙述如下:
ADVANCED MRP-TYPE SYSTEMS (增强的MRP型系统)
... There are more than 300 vendors for MRP system. While most of these were involved with MRP systems from years ago and are still selling and maintaining their existing systems, many others are changing their systems to accommodate the new requirements; other firms are at the state of the art in developing new advanced systems based on MRP logic
... Various names have been given to this new generation of MRP. The Gartner Group called the new MRP Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). To fully operate in an enterprise sense, there needs to be distributed applications for planning, scheduling, costing, and so on to the multiple layers of the organization: work centers, sites, divisions, corporate. Multiple languages and currencies are also being included for global applications.
Advanced MRP system (also called next-generation MRP II) include
Client/server architecture. (客户/服务器架构)
Relational database with SQL query and report generation. (关系数据库连同SQL查询和报告生成)
Windows graphic user interface. (视窗图形用户接口)
Distributed database support. (分布式数据库支持)
Front-end systems for decision support. (前台系统用于决策支持)
Automated EDI (自动化 EDI)
Interoperability with multiple platforms (Windows NT and Unix). (多平台互操作性)
Standard application programming interfaces. (标准应用编程接口)
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